{"id":4111,"date":"2016-03-23T16:31:01","date_gmt":"2016-03-23T20:31:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thediplomaticenvoy.com\/?p=4111"},"modified":"2021-01-22T18:14:00","modified_gmt":"2021-01-22T23:14:00","slug":"focus-on-territorial-disputes-south-china-sea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/thediplomaticenvoy\/2016\/03\/23\/focus-on-territorial-disputes-south-china-sea\/","title":{"rendered":"Focus on Territorial Disputes: South China Sea"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Francesca Regalado<\/a>
\nManaging Editor<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Foreign Policy asserts<\/span><\/a> that China\u2019s maritime expansion will define the 21<\/span>st<\/span> century, as Germany\u2019s land expansion defined the 20<\/span>th<\/span> century. But China\u2019s neighbors refuse to recognize China\u2019s encroachment\u2014Philippine government agencies, for example, are <\/span>mandated by presidential order<\/span><\/a> to refer to the world\u2019s most hotly contested waters not as the South China Sea, but as the \u201cWest Philippine Sea.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

While China also faces opposing claims from Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Brunei, the Philippines took the lead in January 2013 when it served China with a summons through the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) on the grounds of violating the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).<\/span><\/p>\n

The contested areas <\/span>named in the case<\/span><\/a> include Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands, known as the Nansha Islands in China and the Kalayaan (meaning \u201cfreedom\u201d) Islands in the Philippines.<\/span><\/p>\n

While out of the Philippines\u2019 archipelagic and territorial waters, said areas belong in the Philippine exclusive economic zone (EEZ), defined by <\/span>UNCLOS<\/span><\/a> as waters up to 200 nautical miles from a country\u2019s land borders, where a state can exercise full sovereignty over its natural resources and jurisdiction over activities within the area. <\/span><\/p>\n

China insists on its nine-dash line, which claims virtually all of the South China Sea, its islands, and reefs, regardless of neighboring EEZs.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to <\/span>The Economist<\/span><\/a>, China\u2019s gradual takeover of contested areas enlists fishing boats, the Chinese Coast Guard, and the Chinese Navy in encircling small islands, creating what U.S. Congressional Research Service analyst Ronald O\u2019Rourke calls a \u201ccabbage strategy.\u201d Fishing vessels are outfitted with \u201cfisherman-soldier crews\u201d provided by local government officials, according to <\/span>Foreign Affairs<\/span><\/a>. Without actual fighting, this protective stance intimidates other claimant states who are unwilling or ill-equipped to undertake a military response. <\/span><\/p>\n

With such a strategy at its disposal, Beijing could afford to dismiss the Philippines\u2019 claim with a <\/span>diplomatic note<\/span><\/a>, rejecting arbitration in favor of \u201cbilateral negotiations.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

According to the note from the Chinese Foreign Ministry, the Philippines neither notified nor sought China\u2019s consent before initiating arbitration. Beijing asserts that in 1988, Chinese Premier Deng Xiaoping and Philippine President Corazon Aquino agreed to \u201cjoint development\u201d and a consultation mechanism for confidence-building measures.<\/span><\/p>\n

China insists that its attempts to restart the consultation mechanism have been repeatedly rebuffed by the Philippines. Additionally, China claims it was the Philippines in 1970 that began \u201cillegal\u201d military expeditions and occupation of a few islands.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the 2015 ASEAN Regional Forum, <\/span>Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi posed<\/span><\/a> that the Philippines \u201cillegal\u201d exploration was due to reports of oil under the disputed areas. According to Wang, \u201cChina is a victim on the South China Sea issue.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Courtesy
Courtesy of Medium.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Satellite images of the South China Sea<\/span><\/a> published by Medium beg to differ, showing China\u2019s progress on land reclamation and infrastructure projects, including the construction of harbors, airstrips, and administrative buildings. In 2012, the China National Offshore Oil Corporation acquired its first deep-water drilling rig, technology that remains unaffordable to other claimant states.<\/span><\/p>\n

The growing economies of East Asia are heavily dependent on energy imports \u2013 China imports 58 percent and Japan nearly 100 percent of its oil consumption per year, according to <\/span>Foreign Affairs<\/span><\/a>. Professor Michael Klare of Hampshire College writes that the South China Sea contains underwater \u201cgeological features that suggest the presence of\u2026oil and natural gas.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

China claims areas beyond its EEZ based on historic occupation of disputed islands, and an UNCLOS provision allowing a state to develop \u201cthe outer limits of its continental shelf,\u201d including the seabed and subsoil.<\/span><\/p>\n

Andrew Erickson and Conor Kennedy, professors at the U.S. Naval War College, assert that despite the Obama administration\u2019s pivot to Asia and reopening military bases in the Philippines, Beijing believes that President Barack Obama is <\/span>\u201cweak and disinterested,\u201d<\/span><\/a> but that his successor would be less acquiescent to China\u2019s ambitions. <\/span><\/p>\n

According to the <\/span>Brookings Institution<\/span><\/a>, the United States has priorities in the South China Sea aside from protecting its historical ally, the Philippines. As 50 percent of the world\u2019s oil is shipped through the South China Sea, which is also a major operating field for the U.S. military, the U.S. has a stake in protecting freedom of navigation.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Department of State in 2014 testified to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs that China\u2019s nine-dash line is \u201cinconsistent with international law,\u201d signifying that the U.S. has a principled stake in the dispute aside from curtailing China\u2019s growth. Discouraging a precedent of using force or coercion to resolve territorial disputes and promoting respect for international law such as UNCLOS is in the United States\u2019 interest.<\/span><\/p>\n

Brookings Senior Fellow Jeffrey Bader suggests that the U.S. should support multilateral actions undertaken by other claimant states, have bilateral talks with China to discourage an Air Defense Identification Zone, and encourage claimants to undertake joint development of disputed areas and resources. Most importantly, the U.S. can solidify its position on the dispute by ratifying UNCLOS.<\/span><\/p>\n

The PCA Tribunal found that regardless of China\u2019s rejection of arbitration, both China and the Philippines are bound by UNCLOS to settle their disputes according to the convention\u2019s provisions.<\/span><\/p>\n

China failed to comment on the proceedings by the Tribunal\u2019s January 1 deadline. In November, the Tribunal stated that it will announce a decision in 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The contested areas named in the case include Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands, known as the Nansha Islands in China and the Kalayaan (meaning \u201cfreedom\u201d) Islands in the Philippines.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1960,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[752,5,1096],"tags":[393,655,781,782,783,784,891],"class_list":["post-4111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-march2016","category-focus","category-1096","tag-china","tag-philippines","tag-south-china-sea","tag-arbitration","tag-permanent-court-of-arbitration","tag-unclos","tag-territorial-disputes"],"yoast_head":"\nFocus on Territorial Disputes: South China Sea - 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