{"id":11249,"date":"2022-01-01T15:00:55","date_gmt":"2022-01-01T20:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/thediplomaticenvoy\/?p=11249"},"modified":"2022-01-01T14:01:41","modified_gmt":"2022-01-01T19:01:41","slug":"delinquency-the-case-for-the-right-to-juvenile-bail-in-the-united-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/thediplomaticenvoy\/2022\/01\/01\/delinquency-the-case-for-the-right-to-juvenile-bail-in-the-united-states\/","title":{"rendered":"Delinquency: The Case for the Right to Juvenile Bail in the United States"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lylian Pagan<\/span><\/b>
\n<\/span>Staff Writer<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

When adults in the United States are arrested and charged with a crime, they have the right to be released on bail.\u00a0The\u00a08th\u00a0amendment\u00a0of the U.S. Constitution\u00a0states that\u00a0\u201cexcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, or cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\u201d\u00a0It is\u00a0a right given to every adult offender\u00a0no matter\u00a0the\u00a0age\u00a0or nature of\u00a0the\u00a0offense.\u00a0Furthermore, it\u00a0<\/span>preserves the presumption<\/span><\/a>\u00a0of innocence\u00a0and prevents the infliction of punishment\u00a0before\u00a0conviction.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

However, minors in\u00a0juvenile\u00a0<\/span>court delinquency proceedings<\/span><\/a>\u00a0do not have the\u00a0same constitutional rights as those given to adults\u2014children were\u00a0not guaranteed\u00a0certain protections\u00a0until 1960.\u00a0In\u00a01967,\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>Supreme Court formally recognized<\/span><\/a>\u00a0the constitutional\u00a0rights of delinquent children in the landmark\u00a0<\/span>In\u00a0re Gault\u00a0<\/span><\/i>case.\u00a0Despite the 1967 ruling,\u00a0state\u00a0constitutions may legally deny juvenile\u00a0offenders\u00a0bail. The key reason\u00a0is\u00a0that\u00a0they are on average tried in a civil court and are,\u00a0therefore,\u00a0not entitled to bail, which\u00a0is only applicable to\u00a0those\u00a0charged with a criminal offense.\u00a0Instead of being\u00a0<\/span>formally charged<\/span><\/a>\u00a0with a crime, juvenile offenders are accused of committing a delinquent act.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the early\u00a01700s,\u00a0a\u00a0focus\u00a0on\u00a0punishment,\u00a0<\/span>not rehabilitation<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0was the underlying philosophy\u00a0in the justice system, as juveniles were often given harsh sentences\u00a0and confined in adult institutions.\u00a0Following\u00a0appeals by religious\u00a0groups\u00a0in the 1800s,\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>parens\u00a0patriae\u00a0<\/span><\/i>approach to juvenile justice focused on\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span>welfare of the child<\/span><\/a>\u00a0by creating a benevolent and protective relationship\u00a0between the state and the delinquent child.\u00a0<\/span>Parens\u00a0patriae<\/span><\/i>\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>doctrine that grants<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/i>judges of the state\u00a0the inherent power and authority to protect<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/i>persons who are legally unable to act\u00a0on their own behalf<\/span>.<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the case of<\/span>\u00a0Baker v Smith and State\u00a0ex\u00a0rel<\/span><\/i>.,\u00a0<\/span>parens\u00a0patriae<\/span><\/i>\u00a0was\u00a0interpreted\u00a0such that a\u00a0child\u2019s detention may have the practical effect upon his freedom as does the confinement of an adult\u2014the child\u2019s confinement is for\u00a0<\/span>his own welfare<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>Baker v Smith and State ex rel.\u00a0<\/span><\/i>for juveniles\u00a0was\u00a0\u201cthe state merely exercising parental control.\u201d\u00a0Therefore, the\u00a0state decides whether a juvenile will be granted bail,\u00a0and\u00a0the \u201cright to bail\u201d protected under the\u00a08th\u00a0Amendment\u00a0does not apply.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the\u00a0<\/span>Baker v Smith\u00a0<\/span><\/i>case<\/span>,<\/span><\/i>\u00a0a 17-year old named\u00a0J.W. Baker\u00a0was brought before the juvenile\u00a0court\u00a0of Jefferson County Kentucky,\u00a0on a petition\u00a0charging that on September 7,\u00a01971, he had committed a public offense consisting of\u00a0<\/span>malicious\u00a0destruction of property<\/span><\/a>. Baker\u00a0was released under his parents\u2019\u00a0care and control.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Baker was\u00a0then\u00a0re-arrested\u00a0and charged with disorderly conduct\u00a0on September\u00a019, 1971.\u00a0On\u00a0his\u00a0second arrest,\u00a0Baker was placed\u00a0in a detention center. Baker filed a\u00a0motion for release on bail,\u00a0but\u00a0the juvenile court denied the motion\u00a0based on its opinion\u00a0that\u00a0\u201crelease or\u00a0<\/span>granting of bail to the defendant<\/span><\/a>\u00a0at this time would not be in the\u00a0best interest of the defendant.\u201d\u00a0After appealing the decision, it\u00a0was determined that\u00a0a child held in custody pending determination of\u00a0<\/span>proceedings in juvenile<\/span><\/a>\u00a0court is\u00a0not a prisoner.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Several court cases have challenged the right to bail\u00a0for youth\u00a0offenders,\u00a0but the\u00a0courts have not been consistent in their rulings.\u00a0The first and only court to recognize a state constitutional right to bail\u00a0for juveniles\u00a0was the Louisiana Supreme Court in\u00a0<\/span>State v. Franklin<\/span><\/i><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Those in favor of denying bail to juvenile offenders argue\u00a0that\u00a0money bail would not\u00a0ensure the\u00a0<\/span>juvenile\u2019s appearance<\/span><\/a>\u00a0at the adjudicatory hearing.\u00a0They say that\u00a0minors would\u00a0have\u00a0no interest in\u00a0the money posted for\u00a0their\u00a0release,\u00a0and there are\u00a0no guarantees that they\u00a0would\u00a0not\u00a0flee. The second argument\u00a0in favor states\u00a0that the right to be released would depend\u00a0solely\u00a0upon the economic\u00a0<\/span>status of the parents<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The\u00a0same could be said,\u00a0however,\u00a0of\u00a0adult offenders\u00a0regarding bail. When an adult\u00a0offender\u00a0posts\u00a0bail,\u00a0there are no guarantees that the offender would appear\u00a0at\u00a0an\u00a0adjudicatory hearing.\u00a0The\u00a0adult offender\u00a0may not have any family ties or interest in the\u00a0money.\u00a0Also, the adult offender may flee from the\u00a0jurisdiction of the court. In most cases,\u00a0the adult offender\u2019s ability to post bail may\u00a0depend on the economic status of a family member.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The\u00a0National Juvenile Defender Center,\u00a0an organization working to change\u00a0the juvenile bail system in the U.S., reports\u00a0that\u00a0only\u00a0<\/span>19 states and U.S.<\/span><\/a>\u00a0territories\u00a0have statutes\u00a0or court rules that expressly allow for the use of bail\u00a0with children in juvenile court.\u00a0The\u00a0states of\u00a0New Jersey, Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, and New Mexico prohibit the use of bail for juveniles.\u00a0Additionally,\u00a028 U.S.\u00a0states neither prevent nor allow bail for juvenile offenders.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

What is even more disturbing is that\u00a0not all states\u00a0have even specified\u00a0a minimum age\u00a0for\u00a0<\/span>criminal responsibility<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0This\u00a0means that kids as young as\u00a0six\u00a0or\u00a0seven\u00a0could\u00a0be arrested and held\u00a0criminally\u00a0responsible\u00a0without the right to bail.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the United Kingdom, the<\/span>\u00a0Right to Bail\u2014<\/span><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>under s. 4 of the Bail Act 1976<\/span><\/a>\u2014states that\u00a0on each occasion that a person is brought before a court accused of an\u00a0offense, or remanded after conviction for\u00a0inquiries\u00a0or a report, he must be\u00a0granted bail without condition if none of the exceptions to bail apply.\u00a0Unlike\u00a0in\u00a0the U.S., youth offenders in the UK are processed in a criminal court.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This\u00a0means that\u00a0juvenile\u00a0offenders are guaranteed the right to bail.\u00a0There are only\u00a0three\u00a0Youth Defendant tracks that\u00a0may disqualify a juvenile offender\u00a0a right to\u00a0bail\u00a0based on the\u00a0<\/span>Simple Bail\u00a0Structure<\/span><\/a>:\u00a0<\/span>Annex 4\u00a0–\u00a0Indictable Only or Either Way\u00a0Offence, Annex\u00a05\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Summary\u00a0Imprisonable Offence, and\u00a0Annex 6\u00a0–\u00a0non- imprisonable\u00a0offense\u00a0and\u00a0remand provision.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

When comparing the U.S.\u00a0and UK,\u00a0it is important to understand the main difference between the two countries\u2019\u00a0juvenile court systems. The U.S.\u00a0takes the approach of\u00a0<\/span>parens\u00a0patriae<\/span><\/i>,\u00a0that is\u00a0the protection of the child is in the best interest of the child.\u00a0A juvenile offender\u2019s criminal record\u00a0is\u00a0sealed,\u00a0and,\u00a0in some cases,\u00a0the\u00a0offender is released to\u00a0their\u00a0parent or guardian.\u00a0The problem\u00a0is when\u00a0juveniles\u00a0are\u00a0not released,\u00a0because,\u00a0in doing so,\u00a0it would\u00a0cause harm to\u00a0the \u201cchild.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0In addition, juveniles may be held in\u00a0detention centers for their protection or the protection of the state.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The UK, on the other hand,\u00a0treats\u00a0juvenile offenders with the same rights as an adult,\u00a0and\u00a0that includes the right to bail.\u00a0The\u00a0offender\u2019s\u00a0criminal\u00a0record is not sealed and can be used against them in future proceedings.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In the U.S.,\u00a0legislators wrote\u00a0laws to \u201cprotect the fetus\u201d\u00a0but cannot decide\u00a0on\u00a0whether a youth offender should be granted\u00a0a right to bail.\u00a0If the U.S. is to be considered a country that protects children\u00a0and their fundamental rights, then it must apply\u00a0the right to bail\u00a0equally\u00a0during juvenile proceedings.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When adults in the United States are arrested and charged with a crime, they have the right to be released on bail.\u00a0The\u00a08th\u00a0amendment\u00a0of the U.S. Constitution\u00a0states that\u00a0\u201cexcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, or cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\u201d\u00a0It is\u00a0a right given to every adult offender\u00a0no matter\u00a0the\u00a0age\u00a0or nature of\u00a0the\u00a0offense.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5025,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2104,2116,384],"tags":[442,514,1501,2309,2310,2311],"class_list":["post-11249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2104","category-analysis","category-americas","tag-u-s","tag-united-states","tag-supreme-court","tag-bail-reform","tag-justice-system","tag-constitutional-rights"],"yoast_head":"\nDelinquency: The Case for the Right to Juvenile Bail in the United States - 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