{"id":10802,"date":"2021-09-12T08:00:40","date_gmt":"2021-09-12T12:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/thediplomaticenvoy\/?p=10802"},"modified":"2021-09-11T14:04:49","modified_gmt":"2021-09-11T18:04:49","slug":"a-tale-of-two-existential-threats-climate-change-and-nuclear-weapons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/thediplomaticenvoy\/2021\/09\/12\/a-tale-of-two-existential-threats-climate-change-and-nuclear-weapons\/","title":{"rendered":"A Tale of Two Existential Threats: Climate Change and Nuclear Weapons"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Juliet Nangini<br \/>\n<\/strong><em><b>Staff Writer<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate change and nuclear weapons, two existential threats to humanity, work to exacerbate each other\u2019s detrimental effects. Though the two topics may seem distantly related at first glance, they share many connections. Where climate change is likely to amplify the scarcity of resources, nuclear weapons facilities compound these effects by harming natural resources, increasing the risk of conflict, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.accord.org.za\/publication\/climate-change-conflict\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Accord<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> reports. Moreover, since climate change is a threat multiplier, its negative impacts can lead to the risk of escalation during a conflict between nuclear-armed states.\u00a0 Therefore, acting on each of these issues can mitigate the threat of both.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Food and water security are among the many issues relevant to both climate change and nuclear weapons. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Food and water shortages are consequences of climate change that are further multiplied by nuclear waste, which can contaminate food and water sources. While the effects of nuclear weapons add to those of climate change, the reverse is visible, too. Climate change-driven extreme weather events, varying from floods to wildfires, are already risking damage to nuclear weapons sites. Matt Korda, a research associate for the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists, warns of the danger. He informs that \u201cnuclear warheads and their delivery systems are relatively delicate: stored warheads need to be cooled, missile silos need to be kept clean and dry, runways can\u2019t be underwater, and shipyards can\u2019t be flooded,\u201d according to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/matthewkorda\/2020\/03\/16\/the-us-nuclear-deterrent-is-not-prepared-for-climate-catastrophe\/?sh=552669093a1e\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forbes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. A report from the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/partner-mco-archive.s3.amazonaws.com\/client_files\/1547826612.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Defense<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 2019 highlighted over 70 military facilities, with seven that store up to 6,000 nuclear warheads, that are threatened by climate disasters, Forbes adds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evidence of a connection between nuclear sites and climate change can be seen in the case of the Camp Century military base. In the late 1950s to 1960s, the U.S. established Camp Century in Thule, Greenland. Though it supposedly conducted military research, the base was set up for Project Iceworm, a program launched to build a tunnel system of nuclear-armed \u201cIceman\u201d medium-range ballistic missiles with an easy route to the Soviet Union, according to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5585149\/arctic-nuclear-history\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">TIME<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. According to a case study conducted by Dr. Jeff D. Colgan, an associate professor of Political Science and International and Public Affairs at <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brown.edu\/news\/2018-02-05\/militarybases\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brown University<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the missiles would have been in constant movement in the underground railway tracks within the tunnels. This would have rendered it difficult for the Soviets to identify their location and optimize second-strike capability for the U.S. However, Project Iceworm quickly shut down before it became operational, partly due to the slow but present movement of the Greenland Ice Sheet. This ice movement, which was faster than expected, would have shifted the tunnels and ceilings of the facility, disrupting operations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, more than half a century after the project shut down, climate change is not only unearthing the secret military operation of the Cold War era, but also the toxic waste stored at the site. Dr. Colgan\u2019s case study revealed the release of toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as the primary environmental concern along with low-radioactive waste in the region. These pollutants can remobilize, accumulate in marine ecosystems, and rise along the food chain. This issue is also present in similar nuclear sites such as those in the Ulithi atoll in Micronesia where rising sea levels are driven by climate change is increasing the threat of radioactive waste reaching the ocean, Dr. Colgan\u2019s case study adds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The effects of climate change include melting glaciers, rising sea levels, increased frequency of natural disasters, more droughts and floods, and changes in variations in precipitation patterns, according to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/effects\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. As a threat multiplier, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the effects of climate change can lead to increased tensions between nuclear-armed states<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. One vivid example of this is the conflict is between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, where factors such as the increasing demand for water come into play. India and Pakistan have around 150 and 160 nuclear warheads, respectively, according to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arms Control Association<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (ACA)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the past, the two countries have engaged in conflicts that neared the use of nuclear weapons. This includes the conflict in 2001 where Pakistan considered a preemptive nuclear attack and the Kargil War of 1999 where former Pakistan Foreign Secretary Shamshad Ahmad claimed that his country was ready to use \u201cany weapon,\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/outrider.org\/nuclear-weapons\/articles\/will-india-and-pakistans-conflict-go-nuclear\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Outrider Foundation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> says. This was followed by reports that the country had notified its nuclear forces of possible deployment, according to <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/1989886.stm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BBC<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gaining control of Kashmir also extends to the water flowing between India and Pakistan. This has generated tensions between the two countries because they share several major rivers under the Indus Water Treaty of 1960. According to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/stories\/water-and-climate-change-10-things-you-should-know\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">UNICEF<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u201cClimate change is disrupting weather patterns, leading to extreme weather events, unpredictable water availability, exacerbating water scarcity and contaminating water supplies.\u201d Coupled with the two countries\u2019 overuse of water and growing populations, water scarcity and water stress\u2014the inability to meet the water demand\u2014are fueling these existing tensions. With more global issues coming into play, particularly the effects of climate change, the risk of escalation remains present between the two nuclear-powered states.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If such a nuclear war does occur between the two states, the resulting nuclear winter would to the negative consequences of climate change, such as the disruption of agriculture. A research study published on <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1029\/2020JD033056?saml_referrer=\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advancing Earth and Space Science<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> uses two atmospheric models to demonstrate how a hypothetical nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan using a 15-kiloton weapon can affect the climate. The findings show that the detonation can set off fires, resulting in smoke that could hinder sunlight. Factors including the weapon\u2019s yield and where the smoke remains could even alter the global climate. If it remains in the upper troposphere, it could move to the stratosphere and potentially destroy stratosphere ozone, resulting in more ultraviolet radiation exposure and a cooler Earth\u2019s surface.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This leads to another important idea common to both climate change and nuclear weapons: they transcend borders and create an impact from any corner of the world. Even if a person or nation has not contributed to either issue, they can still be affected as the effects do not discriminate. Nine countries around the world possess nuclear weapons, with a combined total of almost 13,500 warheads. More than 90 percent are owned by Russia and the U.S., says the ACA. Yet, the effects of a nuclear detonation would impact many more countries than just those nine. Dr. Paul N. Edwards, a fellow in International Security at the Center for International Security and Cooperation, tells <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/sts.stanford.edu\/news\/qa-paul-n-edwards-how-nuclear-war-would-affect-world-climate-and-human-health\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford University\u2019s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u201cmedium- and large-scale nuclear conflicts would have severe, and global, climatic effects. Most on all neutral nations and non-combatants would be damaged and would suffer casualties.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Also common to climate change and nuclear weapons is the fact that they cause disproportionate harm to indigenous groups and communities of color. Such communities face more harmful environmental threats, such as pollution and health concerns including asthma despite inadequate access to resources. The disproportionate effects of climate change can also be seen through the greater frequency of natural disasters due to aid distribution and weak infrastructure. The global rise in temperatures has contributed to more intense storms due to more rain and faster wind speeds, according to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/psci.princeton.edu\/tips\/2020\/8\/15\/racial-disparities-and-climate-change\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Princeton Student Climate Initiative<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (PSCI)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. PSCI also highlights how low-income and minority communities are at risk of experiencing additional effects of natural disasters such as chemical spills due to living closer to toxic waste-producing facilities. Supporting this, a study found that \u201c60 percent of African Americans in Baltimore live within one mile of a Toxic Release Industry, and 70 percent of African Americans live within two to four miles of one,\u201d PSCI reports.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a similar vein, the disproportionate effects of the nuclear industrial complex on minorities are evident. One 2016 report conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found uranium in the urine of babies born to Navajo parents, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pri.org\/stories\/2018-01-30\/make-and-maintain-americas-nukes-some-communities-pay-price\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The World<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> reports. Additionally, a study published by the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4962241\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Center for Biotechnology Information<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> says, \u201cthe weapons complex also occupies (and contaminates) 36,000 square miles of the U.S., much of its federal sites on public lands in proximity to Indian reservations and other population centers.\u201d This is evident in many nuclear weapons sites, such as the decommissioned Hanford Site initially established as a part of the Manhattan Project for plutonium production. At this site, located on the Columbia River in Washington State, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">over 50 million gallons of chemically unstable and radioactive contaminated wastewater are stored underground.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Over a million gallons have penetrated the Columbia River, the NCBI study reports. This poses a threat to the many tribes like the Nez Perce Tribe that fish in this area, as the harmful contaminants reach humans through fish consumption, resulting in health concerns.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Seventh Generation Principle is an indigenous value is based on the idea that today\u2019s decisions will impact the next seven generations, according to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/woodbinecenter.org\/indigenous-values\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Woodbine Ecology Center<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It is commonly associated with the idea of sustainability and reinforces the importance of considering how our actions impact the future. This reveals one other commonality between climate change and nuclear weapons: the action we take on these tied issues today will impact the coming generations. Therefore, it is vital to address the consequences of climate change and nuclear weapons to protect both the present and the future of the world.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate change and nuclear weapons, two existential threats to humanity, work to exacerbate each other\u2019s detrimental effects. Though the two topics may seem distantly related at first glance, they share many connections.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4888,"featured_media":10803,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1354,1766,2223],"tags":[470,473,490,865,1608],"class_list":["post-10802","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-world","category-climate-change","category-summer-2021-edition","tag-india","tag-pakistan","tag-climate-change","tag-asia","tag-nuclear-arms"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A Tale of Two Existential Threats: Climate Change and Nuclear Weapons - The Diplomatic Envoy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/thediplomaticenvoy\/2021\/09\/12\/a-tale-of-two-existential-threats-climate-change-and-nuclear-weapons\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Tale of Two Existential Threats: Climate Change and Nuclear Weapons - The Diplomatic Envoy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Climate change and nuclear weapons, two existential threats to humanity, work to exacerbate each other\u2019s detrimental effects. 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