{"id":3197,"date":"2020-09-17T08:51:05","date_gmt":"2020-09-17T12:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/archives\/?page_id=3197"},"modified":"2020-09-17T10:01:02","modified_gmt":"2020-09-17T14:01:02","slug":"papal-bull-of-pope-paul-v-1618","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.shu.edu\/archives\/digital-exhibitions\/papal-bull-of-pope-paul-v-1618\/","title":{"rendered":"Papal Bull of Pope Paul V, 1618"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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What is a Bull?<\/span><\/p>

“Bull” refers to the metal seal that authenticates the document, much as we authenticate documents with signatures. The practice dates back to ancient Sumeria, where impressions were made in clay in order to track and authenticate transactions. This practice remained unchanged for 4,000 years. It was adopted by the Romans, who used lead rather than clay. The lead was heated to soften it to create the impression, hence the word “bulla” which derives from the Latin word meaning “to boil.”<\/p>

Papal Bulls took on a standardized form, with representations of Saints Peter and Paul pressed into one side of the Bull, and the name of the Pope issuing the decree on the reverse. Below see a close-up of the Bull authenticating this document.<\/p>

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\"Bull\"<\/a>
Bull<\/figcaption><\/figure>

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What is this document about?<\/span><\/p>

The matter at hand concerns the alienation of Church property. There was a monastery that had a parcel of land it wished to sell; however, selling Church property required Papal permission. Holding on to ecclesiastical property was a matter of great importance to the medieval Church, since it was the economic foundation of the Church’s activity. The general principle is that a property, once given to the Church is in effect given to God, and no one can legitimately give it to anyone else. The issue here appears to be a relatively minor matter of trading a small and distant field inherited by one of the monks; hence this document delegates the Vicar General (who acted as a kind of business manager) of the diocese of Lodi, the local church authority, to investigate the matter and give the papal permission if he deems it right.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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There are many variants of Latin, reflecting the millennia in which the language has been used.\u00a0 This document reflects the use of Latin in the papal court in the early seventeenth century, with a vocabulary reflecting the legalities of land ownership and transfer, and the forms of land measurement and monetary values current in the Italy of that time.<\/p>

This translation was the work of many hands, but the lion’s share of the credit must go to Professor Emeritus of Religion\u00a0Peter Ahr, Ph.D., who researched and contextualized the piece as a whole as well as produced\u00a0the final version of the English translation.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>

Michael Mascio, Ph.D. ,Lecturer in Classical Studies and Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures made the initial review of the document, and recommended\u00a0Reverend\/Doctor Federico Gallo, Director of the Library at Dottore della Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, who read and transcribed the text.\u00a0 Dr. Mascio then worked together with\u00a0Fred Booth, Ph.D.,\u00a0Associate Professor of Classical Studies, Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, to produce a first draft of an English translation.<\/p>

This translation was the work of many hands, but the lion’s share of the credit must go to Professor Emeritus of Religion\u00a0Peter Ahr, Ph.D., who researched and contextualized the piece as a whole as well as produced\u00a0the final version of the English translation.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>

Michael Mascio, Ph.D. ,Lecturer in Classical Studies and Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures made the initial review of the document, and recommended\u00a0Reverend\/Doctor Federico Gallo, Director of the Library at Dottore della Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan, who translated the Ecclesiastical Latin version of the text into Contemporary Latin.\u00a0 Dr. Mascio then worked together with\u00a0Fred Booth, Ph.D.,\u00a0Associate Professor of Classical Studies, Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, to produce a first draft of an English translation from the Contemporary Latin version.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>

This exhibit is dedicated with many thanks to all the above scholars, without whose work this exhibit would not have been possible.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>

\u00a0Latin Translation<\/a><\/p>

English Translation<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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As you can see in this map, the piece of land they wished to sell (represented by the blue dot) was far north of the monastary (represented by the green), on the border with Switzerland (identified here as “della fraggia,” which denotes the region, although not the exact location, of the piece of land in question).\u00a0 Being several days’ distance from the monastary, it likely was not practical for the monks to maintain and manage this property – but because the property was donated to the church (being the inheritance of one of the monks) they needed Papal permission to sell it.<\/p>

\"Papal<\/a>
Papal Bull Map<\/figcaption><\/figure>

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\"Ospedaletto<\/a>
From Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>

This is the small agricultural town of Ospedaletto Lodigiano, where the monastery petitioning the Pope was located. The town\u2019s population today is about 2,000, about half of whom are immigrants from Brazil and not native Italians; it was almost certainly much smaller in the 17th century.<\/p>

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\"Monastary<\/a>
From Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>

The abbey of St. Peter in Ospedaletto Lodigiano was the residence of the general of the Hieronymite order, the Hermits of St. Jerome of Lombardy.\u00a0 The order no longer exists, although at one time it had seventeen houses, but this is the abbey church, built in the 16th century to replace the 12th century original.\u00a0 It is now the parish church of Sts. Peter and Paul.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\"The<\/a>
From Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>

Hieronymites, monks who belonged to the Order of St. Jerome, were inspired by the hermit Saint Jerome to live a life like him, and in line with the ideas of St. Augustine as well. Their name can also be abbreviated to OSH, or Hieronymites, monks who belonged to the Order of St. Jerome, were inspired by the hermit Saint Jerome to live a life like him, and in line with the ideas of St. Augustine as well. Their name can also be abbreviated to OSH, or\u00a0Ordo Sancti Hieronymi. <\/i>Founded near Toledo, Spain on October 8th, 1373, they quickly gained importance in both Spain and Portugal, becoming an exempt order in Spain during 1415. Parts of the royal families of both countries were buried in Hieronymite properties, El Escorial in Spain, and\u00a0Jer\u00f3nimos Monastery in Portugal. They expanded to Italy, where they would have 17 houses before being suppressed by Pope Clement IX in 1668. This was because of the Hieronymites influence in the Republic of Venice, and the Republic of Venice asking the Pope to suppress the order so they could make more profit. Clement eventually acquiesced, suppressing the order within Italy.The order continued to have influence in Spain and Portugal, becoming involved in bringing Christianity to the New World for both countries. The Order was eventually disbanded in Portugal in 1833, and in Spain in 1835. They also have a sister order of Nuns, which has nunneries dedicated to the order through to the present, and have tried to get the monastic order back since the 1920\u2019s. There is currently one monastery with 11 monks.<\/p>

The Development of the Hieronymite Order<\/strong><\/p>

The Order was established in Toledo, Spain, and was then recognized in 1373 by Pope Gregory the XI. By 1415, they had already been able to establish 25 houses. The order was able to spread rapidly across Spain and Italy because of the popularity of St. Jerome during the 14th<\/sup>\u00a0century. This was due to people seeing his teachings as consistent and orthodox, during a period of upheaval after the Black Plague. The order was established in Italy in the 14th<\/sup>\u00a0century, and by the 16th<\/sup>\u00a0century had worked their way up to 40 houses across Italy at their Peak. It was in 1415 that they were removed from ordinary jurisdiction and made an exempt order. After that they spread to Portugal, and in 1501, the Jeronimos Monastery in Belem was established and built by King Manuel I. That Hieronymite monastery was where the House of Aviz, the Royal family of Portugal was then buried. Spain followed suit in 1559, with the building of El Escorial in Spain, which would be where many Spanish Royals were buried, both from the house of Bourbon and the House of Hapsburg. Both sites are UNESCO world Heritage sites, along with another Hieronymite monastery, Santa Maria de Guadalupe. In 1595, the Spanish and Portuguese orders were combined into one singular order. During the height of their power, they also participated in the evangelization of the New World with Spain and Portugal, spreading their influence to the colonies of both empires.<\/p>

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