Yanzhong Huang, Editor
Senior Fellow for Global Health, Council on Foreign Relations
This is a cross-post with CFR’s Asia Unbound Blog.
A diabetes patient rests his arm on a table for diabetes specialist Doctor Tong Xiao Lin (C) during a medical check-up at the Guanganmen Chinese medicine Hospital in Beijing March 19, 2012. (David Gray/Courtesy Reuters)
These days we’ve been used to China being the land of “the first,” “the largest” and “the highest.” However, not all of these superlatives are worthy of praise. China now has the largest diabetic population in the world (114 million), according to a recent study published by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
Even more shocking is that China’s diabetes prevalence has increased from 1 percent in 1980 to 11.6 percent in 2010, which is even higher than the United States (11.3 percent). And the worst is yet to come. Indeed, 493 million people, or one in two adults, in China are thought to have prediabetes, or abnormally high blood sugar levels that presage the disease. According to Dr. Ji Linong, a leading Chinese expert on diabetics, each year, six to seven percent of those with prediabetes—amounting to approximately 30 million—will be added to the diabetes population estimate. If this true, China’s diabetes population already exceeds 130 million. (A 2010 article in the New England Journal of Medicine forecasted China would reach this benchmark by 2030.)
The high diabetes prevalence in China reflects a combination of genetic and environmental influences. Other things being equal, Asians are more likely than Caucasians to develop diabetes even at a body weight considered “normal” by mainstream western standards. Also, more than half of the Chinese live in cities (as opposed to 20 percent in 1980); 9 percent of the population are aged over 65 (as opposed to 5 percent in 1982). In addition, Chinese are leading increasingly sedentary lives while turning to increased high-calorie, high-fat, and high-sodium diets. According to a nationwide Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) survey carried out by China CDC, the per capita sodium intake is 10.6 g/day (compared to <2g/day recommended by the WHO), and among the population aged over 18, only 12 percent exercise on a regularly basis, 32 percent are overweight, and 12 percent are obese.
But lack of effective state intervention is equally to blame. According to the NEJM research, 60 percent of Chinese diabetes patients are not aware of their conditions because, despite the nearly universal health coverage in China, screening and outpatient services for diabetes are not yet a covered medical benefit in many parts of China. As a result, a large number of patients do not seek care until they have developed symptoms or worse, are in the late stages of diabetes. As the JAMA study shows, only 26 percent of diabetes patients in China were treated for this condition, and among those treated, only 40 percent had adequate glycemic control. It is therefore imperative for the government to construct a diabetes prevention and control system that raises awareness of the disease, promotes healthier life styles, enables early identification of the disease and risk factors, and encourages timely and effective treatment and interventions.